[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Indian Notes & Monographs INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS INDIAN NOTES MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN AND MONOGRAPHS h. i^Ji LiftiH w lib HE YE FOUNDATION (fi'sc,*2) INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS Edtted by F. W. HODGE A SERIES OF PUBLICA- TIONS RELATING TO THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS BY REGINALD PELHAM BOLTON NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The Home-lands of the Canarsee... 147 VII. Native paths in the Borough of Queens 171 VIII. Richmond paths 187 IX. Paths in nearby New Jersey 197 Notes 207 Bibliography 212 Maps consulted 217 Index of Stations 220 Index of Proper Names 242 IND IAN NOTES 6 ILLUSTRATIONS Plates PAGE I. Jeffreys hook, now known as Fort Washington point 78 II. An Indian path, the trail t…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The Split-reck road in Pelham Bay Park near the site of the house of Mistress Ann Hutch- inson 124 XVI. Excavation of Indian shell and rubbish heap on Rodmans neck or Pells point 128 XVII. Old Flatbush road near Stirling place 140 XVIII. Battle pass in Prospect Park, where the old trail ran through the hills.... 142 XIX. Hunterfly road, the old trail to Canarsie 148…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Map of Greater New York and the contiguous territory, on which are traced all the Indian paths shown in greater detail on the Borough maps, together with the approxi- mate situation of all known Indian stations, indicated by numbers. In portfolio II. Lower Manhattan in aboriginal times; also a part of Brooklyn and adjacent New Jersey. Drawn from Ratzer's topographic…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A detail of the point of convergence of the native highways at modern Kingsbridge. Facing page 90 VII. The Borough of the Bronx, showing all known and deduced native pathways and the situation of known Indian stations. The orig- inal watercourses and marshy areas have been drawn from old maps and from the maps of the United States Geological Survey. Divided in four …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Southeastern part of the Borough of the Bronx, the old township of Westchester, with Throgs neck, and with Cornells neck or Clasons point. The map includes also a small part of north- ern Queens county, the College Point and Whitestone districts. In portfolio VIII. The Borough of Brooklyn, or Kings county, with the northeastern part of the Borough of Queens, or Quee…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The southwestern part of the Borough of Brooklyn, or Kings county, including Coney island, Gravesend, New Utrecht, Fort Hamilton, Bay Ridge, and the western part of Flatbush, as far north as Gowanus bay and Pros- pect Park In portfolio D. The southeastern part of the Borough of Brooklyn, or Kings county, including part of Brighton and Manhattan beaches, Flat- lands,…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Maps I, VII, and VIII are based on City maps by the Ohman Map Com- pany of New York, with additions by the author of native paths, marsh areas, Indian titles, and sites. • AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS By Reginald Pelham Bolton I.— INTRODUCTION THE narrow trails which, three centuries ago, afforded to the red man passage on his errands, and pro…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Scattered references to these native paths in historical records afford the names and 15 INDIAN NOTES 16 INDIAN PATHS directions of only a few of the many which must have existed But within the bound- aries of the great city of New York some of its thoroughfares are traversed today by millions, who little comprehend that their lines of travel were decided, and their…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] They were traced with the unerring instinct of the woodsman to the points they connected, even though the trail wound around hill- sides, digressed to avoid bogs, rivers, and INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 17 tidal inlets, bent to meet the natural cross- ings of streams, turned around rocks and fallen trees, coming always again to the general line of their course, just a…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The length of time during which the region of the Greater City was occupied by the race is indicated AND MONOGRAPHS 18 INDIAN PATHS only faintly by the extent of their deposits of waste materials and the archaic character of a few stone tools. But we may reason- ably assume that hundreds of years of usage had developed the woodland trail into the beaten pathway. And…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 19 The practical necessity of avoiding unnecessary grades when bearing a heavy load was doubtless a moving element in the choice of a route, and there are many evidences in the course of the known paths of the aborigines that such a defined method was followed by them. The special purpose of the well-used trails was intercommunication betwe…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The early settlers in New England found "trodden paths" connecting the villages of the Pequot, and also extending far inland. These formed, in fact, their only means of travel from their seashore settle- ments, and served the purpose of opening up the country, not only to trade, but to inspection and invasion by the whites, a result which their native creators must …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Even political and racial events were affected by the Indian paths, since it was by their means that the several European nationalities spread their ownership, and INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 21 were enabled to exercise their influence on the natives, and it was along the Sound- shore trails and by the Westchester path that the refugees from religious persecution in N…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Thus the water- ways are found to have been paralleled by paths of great length and common usage; such as the Shore path extending along the north shore of the Sound, and the northern trail along the east side of the Hudson, and in great part the same trend can be observed in the Minisink trail, which extended from AND MONOGRAPHS 22 INDIAN PATHS Shrewsbury river thr…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It may reasonably be assumed that every permanent village, and many sea- sonally-occupied camps and fishing and hunting stations, were connected by some path with other occupied places of the same tribe or chieftaincy, and these in turn were provided with access to some main thor- INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 23 oughfare leading to other tribal territory, to the great …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The known position of native residences, and the assur- ance of the existence of some line of con- nection between them on the most natural and easy grade, will be found usually to AND MONOGRAPHS 24. INDIAN PATHS combine in indicating the necessary course of some old-established highroad. It was reasonable and natural for the settlers, as the permanency of their occ…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] ' The demarcation of such old lanes by the huge bowlders drawn from the cleared lands followed, which laborious process perma- nently fixed the course of such a roadway. The direction of certain of these old cartways INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 25 led to their extended use and development into highways. Thus, with the aid of the records of the position of native settl…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The most used, and therefore perhaps the widest, was the way to the spring or the bank of a brook, on which trail at some time AND MONOGRAPHS 26 INDIAN PATHS daily the whole community and even the village dogs traveled to quench their thirst. Through the underbrush some path always led to a nearby planting-ground, trod by patient women workers of the soil, or by a c…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The elder boys were out on slender bypaths in the wild woods gathering sumac and bark for their elders to smoke, and INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 27 helping themselves to straight dogwood sticks for their arrowshafts, or with the willing aid of the family cur, chasing the rabbits, or scratching out the woodchuck from his lair. You could find most of the old men around …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] AND MONOGRAPHS 28 INDIAN PATHS The arrival of the canoes at nightfall after a day's fishing or oystering was the signal for the villagers to crowd the path to the landing-place, whence, in notassen of woven grass and basswood fiber, they aided the men to fetch the catch of oysters and fish; or when the whoop of the returning hunters echoed through the darkening fore…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] And so, long years after the native life had departed and the name and even the place of the once busy village had disap- INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 29 peared from sight and human memory, the humble but indestructible debris of shell and sherd and spearhead have re-opened the book of history, and recorded in no uncertain terms the place of one-time ab- original habit…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The main objective being some other settlement or some neighboring native haunt, the route was directed toward the easiest crossing of streams, either at a wading place or some shallow point in a watercourse where AND MONOGRAPH S 30 INDIAN PATHS stepping-stones, except in times of flood, enabled the traveler to cross dry-foot. The swampy tracts bordering on streams,…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Here it turned sharply to the east, descending to the head ■of the marsh which it traversed toward the river. The selected point of crossing was that now occupied by a bridge, where INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 31 a tongue of high land on the northwest side almost touched an extension of dry meadow-land on the southeast, between which narrow space the stream finds its …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] So far these trails are recorded in history, and below that point we can be reasonably sure that the path was continued On the line of the old Boston post-road, whose tortuous course, avoiding streams and bogs, extended down the east side of the island to the set- tlements on and near its southern extremity, AND MONOGRAPHS 32 INDIAN PATHS the future heart of the Gre…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Plains scarce trodden by human kind save by the red man are clothed in all the beauty of their pristine verdure, while the rock-capped hills and the resonant forest echo back and forth the sounds of wild and savage life. Plumed songsters fill the woods and enliven our journey with their music.

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Per- chance the shrill cry of the eagle, or the plaintive note of the cuckoo, or the busy hammer of the woodpecker in turn arrests our attention." Pleasant it is to reflect that by no very extended journey we may still discover in parts of the metropolitan area some wood- land places, in which the same natural features exist, wherein we may find flourish- INDIAN NOT…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] On the native path, even then an ancient thoroughfare, the rising sun of our early history sees the wondering Manhattan crowding down from the upland regions to the Kapsee rocks, to gaze at the sails of the ship of Verrazano through the vista of the Narrows, and a generation later sees their successors filing down the trail to the place of the fateful bargain when t…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The path itself, so familiar in its every turn to his quick vision, was destined there- by to become the broad King's Highway on which his silent footfall was forever replaced by the traffic of leathern heels and iron wheels, and over whose widened surface, where once the meeting Reckgawa- wanc and Siwanoy crowded each other in friendly passage, the rushing tide of …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Therefore the traffic could not always be conducted by the use of watercourses, and floating ice and storm made travel dangerous by the frail and sometimes clumsy canoe. 35 AND MONOGRAPHS 36 INDIAN PATHS Long canoe trips across broad reaches such as the Lower bay, Jamaica bay, and the Sound, involved risk, and occupied the time and energy of a number of indi- vidual…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] We are perhaps afforded an idea of the number of such vessels in the region of the metropolis by the story of the gathering of all the local clans in their raid on New Amsterdam in September, 1655. On that occasion it is probable that INDIAN NOTES MANHATTAN 37 every available craft was brought into service, and there were only about sixty- four in all. From such con…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] to accomplish. Such heavy craft may well have discouraged travel by water, where AND MONOGRAPHS 38 INDIAN PATHS the same purpose could be accomplished afoot, even by a long detour. On the other hand, distances traversed by walking did not appear so great to the wiry native as to his heavily shod successors. The Indians' power and endurance in traveling afoot is illu…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] So we find all the mainland trails con- verging on the upper end of Manhattan, and all the Long Island paths trending to- INDIAN NOTES MANHATTAN 39 ward the short ferriage over to the lower end of Manhattan, while the traffic of northeastern Jersey concentrated, through Hoboken, at the Greenwich landing, and the Richmond paths apparently led from the Minisink path, …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The trade which thus passed through or across Manhattan was probably fostered, AND MONOGRAPHS 40 INDIAN PATHS as it has been in modern times, by the control of money. The native medium for the exchange of values, the coveted and laboriously produced shell bead or wampum, was largely a Long Island product. The shallow waters around the island teemed with the quahaug …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] In addition to their position of advantage in regard to this line of production at the great wampum-making stations of the Canarsee, that chieftaincy controlled its export by reason of its situation on the main line of travel, and by its close relationship with the Manhattan chief- INDIAN NOTES MANHATTAN 41 taincy. It looks very much as though this powerful group at…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The tidal movement in the two estuaries of North and East rivers, around its rocky shores, probably provided good opportunity for the spearing and netting of the swarm- ing inhabitants of the waters, and from the nearby shores of New Jersey and of Long Island abundant supplies of oysters could be obtained by canoe. Chiefly by AND MONOGRAPHS 42 INDIAN PATHS such food…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The space now com- posing City Hall Park was of such a nature, though limited in area. A larger tract afterward formed the old Out Ward of the Colonial city, broad and level land extending on the north alongside the earliest pathway, the present Bowery. The position and INDIAN NOTES MANHATTAN 43 evident facilities of this site, and the ex- tent of the visible debris…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] According to Tooker, this name should have been more correctly written Werpos, or "the thicket," a designation which describes the known conditions of the locality, the hillsides around the ponds being covered in bygone times with bushes and blackberry brambles. Such a name, in the prevalent Indian fashion, was doubtless derived from the most significant feature of …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] On the east side the overflowing water had found an outlet to East river, along the line of the present Roosevelt street, passing through a marshy tract which was later the "vly" or meadow of Wolphert Gerritsen, and even in our modern times is known as "the Swamp." The waters of East river, as well as the tide of the Hudson, seem to have penetrated to the Kolch pond…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] At this favored place, sheltered from the west winds, provided with abundant water and nearby access to the river, the unfailing signs of Indian residence were found in masses of oyster-shells "abundantly strewn over the hill on the western side of the lake." Modern excavations on the line of Pearl street reached these old shell-beds, indicat- ing the existence of a…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Such a combination of fresh-water supply and of shelter from the northwesterly gales of the winter season, with a natural grade for its drainage, as existed on the west side of the little lakes, would today invite the exploration of the expert investigator, who would confidently expect, on the removal of the surface of turf and leaves, to find the familiar shells an…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It is through this area that the grading of Pearl street west of Park Row cut between the two ponds and disclosed the shell-beds that marked a village-site. We may from this comparative study come to the interesting conclusion that the chief place of native residence on lower Manhattan was close to the present center of municipal government of the great metropolis, …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The restricted hunting area and the rather limited cul- tivable lands in its vicinity would indicate that Werpoes probably comprised fewer lodges than Snakapins, on Clasons point, in which more than sixty pits discovered may be taken to have marked the sites of some forty lodges, housing a population which may be assumed to have been about three hundred. As the need…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It has been noted that the line of lower Broadway, which below Park Row is reasonably as- sumed to have been the successor of a native path, is directed toward the rear of the village at Duane street. By such a route the inhabitants could have made their way directly to the extreme end of their island home. A path undoubtedly led, by the easiest grade and as directl…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Doubtless these natives were those Manhattan Indians who were afterward found to be settled at Nayack, or Fort Hamilton (68), where they resided for twenty-five years, when they consented again to remove and transferred their home to Staten Island and in part to the Hackensack region. And it is significant that in Brooklyn another locality was found to bear the same…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This point formed on its east side a small cove, somewhat protected from the tides that swirled around the end of the island. It lay in the angle of Pearl and Whitehall streets, the name of the former probably preserving the appearance of the shell- strewn beach along which the thorough- fare was laid out in 1633. That such a desirable landing place was utilized by …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It is evident that passage along the east side of the neck was barred by the tidal inlet at Broad street, and by the marshy vly along its course, which ex- tended as far inland as Wall street, with a small branch that ran westward along the line of Beaver street. The path there- fore skirted this obstruction by proceeding on the line of Whitehall street to the highe…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] If, as is probable, this followed a course which was later developed into the earliest roadway, the turn was made at Ann street, with a sharp bend at Nassau street by which Park Row was reached. This abrupt turn may be accounted for, AND MONOGRAPHS 54 INDIAN PATHS as in other situations, as a means of avoid- ing an occupied site or a piece of cultivated ground. The …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Another elevation, known much later as Potters hill, the site of the present Hall of Records, stood a little to the west. Between the two was the natural grade for INDIAN NOTES 1 MANHATTAN 55 a branch path connecting the village with the main path. A branch pathway led eastward to a landing on East river opposite the head of the Indian trail on the Brooklyn side. A …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Here a branch path- AND MONOGRAPHS 56 INDIAN PATHS way, probably on the line of the latter street, led to the neighboring village of Rechtauck or Rechtanck (3), which was situated on Corlears hook. The shore-line along this part of the island faces almost due south, and from the vicinity of Market street eastward the shore-line was composed of high banks of sandy so…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The name of the village signifies "at the sandy town," or "sandy river."4 The lead- ing feature of the village-site was evidently the sandy character of the bluffs along the shore-line of East river. It has been called Naghtongh or Nechtank by School- craft and others, but these designations are probably erroneous. It has a tragic in- terest as the scene in 1643 of …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The direct line of the Bowery lane indicates the natural course of its predecessor through a tract offering no physical obstructions or changes in grade. At the line of Astor place another pathway branched westward. This was an impor- tant connection between the main line of travel and the landing-place on the shore of the Hudson by which trade in peltries and food …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It was, in point of fact, a trading station only, occupied by those who met there to exchange goods with the natives of Hobokan (116), a terminal to which the people of the East Jersey mountain regions brought skins and meat, to be ferried directly across the river to Sapohanikan. The name denotes its position "over against the pipe-making place," and thus indicates…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] At this point the path crossed the rivulet known to the natives as Minetta,5 and to their successors as the Bestavaer brook. It turned east- ward at this crossing, and cut across the present lots north of Waverly place, pass- ing there between two hillocks, one of which was known as the Sandberg, or Sand hill, and that on the south by a native name, which Schoolcraf…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] From Astor place we now follow the path INDIAN NOTES MANHATTAN 61 on its way northward as it was developed into the earliest roadway through the island, the old road which was existing when a cartway was ordered to be opened in 1670 to connect New Amsterdam with the town- ship of New Haerlem. There is no histori- cal record of this old road having been an Indian pat…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It was rocky AND MONOGRAPHS 62 INDIAN PATHS throughout, with a scanty deposit of soil, the hollows insufficiently drained, and there- fore boggy. In the difficulties of maintain- ing vegetation in Central Park we have an illustration of its meager character, its thin soil, its irregular surface, its infertility and scanty sustenance. But the main objection, from an …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] There were some favorable situations along the Hudson shore, where fresh-water springs existed, such as at 79th street and at Strikers bay or 96th street; and at the INDIAN NOTES MANHATTAN 63 latter point an old resident stated that oys- ter-shell deposits had been observed before the Riverside Park improvement began. The limited use of such stations would not have …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] An article on the history of Broadway1 states that "The Post Road or Boston Road as it was originally called, was the first highway laid out through the length of the island," and the remark is also made that "the topographical character of the AND MONOGRAPHS 64 INDIAN PATHS island in this vicinity was of a broken or rocky character, diversified with swamps and a br…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It is most likely, therefore, that the position of this group of lodges may have been at or near Second avenue, where a run of fresh water existed in the vicinity of a knoll, thus affording to some extent shelter and water-supply. The course of the old Eastern post-road INDIAN NOTES MANHATTAN 65 which we thus regard as the successor of the original trail, was by way…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It next took a sharp loop west- ward between 48th and 51st streets, on its diagonal way from Third to Second avenues, which latter it reached at 52d street. AND MONOGRAPHS 66 INDIAN PATHS In a statement made by John Randel,9 the surveyor, he describes the course of this old post-road, as it lay in 1808-10, in some detail: "It crossed the 4th avenue at the Middle Roa…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It crossed the division line between New York and Harlem commons between 81st and 82d streets, and continued along Third avenue to near 83d street. From Third ave. near 83d street this Eastern post-road diverged westerly, and crossed and recrossed the division line be- tween New York and Harlem commons, and crossed Fourth avenue near 85th street, thence passed over …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] But none of our predecessors in historical inves- tigation seem to have been sufficiently interested in the subject to conduct any exploration or to make any record of such traces, and so the long, sheltered shore- line with its desirable fishing facilities, from Corlears hook to 105th street, is de- void of definite native associations. AND MONOGRAPHS 68 III.— UPPE…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Mr Harrington suggests INDIAN NOTES UPPER MANHATTAN 69 that the native word axkwonan, "to catch with a net," is the basis, and with the addition of kongh, the equivalent of the Delaware xunk, we derive the meaning of the village name as "the hill near which they fish with nets," a reference to the nearby waters of Hellgate bay, which was doubtless a favorable place …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The terms of the deed of sale, when carefully read, exclude the possibility of the connection of this name with the creek, which latter is referred to as one of the boundaries of Point Rechewanis, as follows: "The underwritten Indians.have sold the Point named Rechewanis, bounded between two creeks and hills, and behind a stream [fon- teyn] which runs to Montagne's …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The marshy area was much cut up by stream and inlets, and it extended back to the high ground on the west, previously referred to, which roughly followed a line north and south. This is evidently the situation of Konaan- de Kongh, a particular title which is so precise that it could scarcely have been applied to a mere line of uplands, which in the other part of the…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] These flowed together in a level space, which lay between two ridges on the line of Park avenue, and as the lodges there commanded a full view of the waters of Hellgate bay, the village-site would agree with the description of Konaande Kongh as "the hill near which they fish with nets." This was the old haunt of the Reckgawa- wanc, to which they clung until 1669, wh…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Curving to the northeast, it reached a point at the southwest corner of 111th street and Fifth avenue, whence it ran on a direct line over the broad and level meadow-land known as Muscoota, to a little creek on the Conykeekst tract, on which the tiny hamlet of New Haerlem was later formed at 125th street, just west of First avenue. Its line was adopted as one of the…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] But the situation of this station lacked the necessary shelter required for winter occu- pancy, and it was more likely a place of landing and trade, or perhaps a fishing-place. The broad tract of level land on which this station was situated, extending north of the waters of Rechewanis and lying east of the Indian trail, between 108th street and 123d street, was kno…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The situation of Conykeekst, if such was the station's name, was without shelter on the west, except for the forest growth, and it may therefore be assumed to have been unoccupied in the winter season, and during the rest of the year to have been an oystering and fishing camp. St Nicholas Avenue The parting of the Manhattan path from the Harlem trail appears to have…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This site may have been selected on account of its prox- imity to the path, and reasonably convenient access to a supply of water, the nearest brook being about five hundred feet to the south, and the upper branch of Harlem creek extending on the east about an equal distance from the house-site. Riker12 says: "Harlem Lane, as we have reason to believe, was at first …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] "In traveling from New Amsterdam to Spuyten Duyvil, at McGown's pass was the natural descent to the plain, the path striking its northern end, where it would as naturally fork to the left and right, for the equal con- venience of the pedestrian passing through the AND MONOGRAPHS 76 INDIAN PATHS ' Clove of the Kill ' to the North River, or along the base of the heigh…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The path at 125th street turned north- eastward to avoid the sharp acclivity later known as Point of Rocks, the extreme southern projection of the Penadnic, the Colonial "Hills of Jochem Pieter," our INDIAN NOTES UPPER MANHATTAN 77 modern Washington Heights. It skirted along the eastern base of the hilly range, bending here and there, within the bounds of St Nichola…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] In wet weather a clamber along the rocky hillside skirting the brook was a better route. In the Military Headquarters Map of 1782, three such routes are shown at this point, AND MONOGRAPHS 78 INDIAN PATHS all illustrating the strategic value of the place as that best suited to the scaling of the hill, and the seasonal difficulties which were encountered in the proce…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Bending northwest at 160th street, the path followed the line of the avenue to 168th street, there crossing, sometimes directly, sometimes circuitously, a marshy tract on the site of the present Mitchel Square. Rising in grade to its highest INDIAN NOTES UPPER MANHATTAN 79 point, the path followed our present Broad- way. It crossed the divide at 173d street, and on …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Between 179th and 180th streets the path swerved to the east to reach the head of the ravine through which it and its successor, the Albany post-road, now Broadway, made its way directly down between the hills AND MONOGRAPHS 80 INDIAN PATHS of Fort Washington and Fort George, to the low-lying valley of Inwood. At 195th street a brook, later known as "The Run," cross…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A branch path must cer- tainly have turned westward along the margin of the latter brook, at the base of the high ground around which Riverside drive now bends, and led to the ancient station (100) on the bank of "Little Sand bay," snugly ensconced behind Tubby hook. Along the course of the brook deposits of shells may still be seen, and on the shore INDIAN NOTES BO…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Indeed the numerous spots where such signs have come to light point to the use in one way or another of all parts of the favored valley, from the dense woodlands of the sheltered hillsides to the numerous fishing-places along the placid Muscoota river and around the shore-line of Shora- kapkok. The broad tract of meadow-land and marsh in the center of this vale, ext…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This name is recorded in the deed of 28 September, 1669, as "the hook called Saperewack." The winding waterway from the head of kill Muscoota, at 225th street, was known as Paparinemin or Papirinemin, a name applied also' to the island of Kingsbridge which bounded the stream on its northerly side, and which seems to be derived from the Delaware papallenumen, "to con…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This point, which was partly inundated at high tide, and nearly surrounded by the waters of the creek, was known to the Indians as Gowa- hasuasing, denoting "a place hedged in." The sheltered side of Inwood hill was a most desirable place for native residence, and extensive debris discovered on all favorable sites testifies to their long-con- tinued occupancy. The m…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] AND MONOGRAPHS 84 INDIAN PATHS probably extending from the main path at Dyckman street along the line of the old Bolton road and via Prescott avenue to the village-site, which was occupied from near the Bolton road, as far north as 207th street, with numerous shell-pits and, around a spring at 204th street, with extensive beds of debris. We may be sure that a villag…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] _ a Oh £ 0< bo oh- S CO o UPPER MANHATTAN 85 found to fill the ancient bed of a brook long dried up, and to extend even beyond the shore-line into the waters of the creek.13 The main path, from Dyckman street eastward, probably left the line of Broad- way near Academy street, and crossed the brook, the source of which was the spring at the native village, that ran t…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Calver and Dr Edward Hagaman Hall, in which were found pottery, and dog, turtle, and snake skeletons; or on Isham street, Cooper street, and 207th street, where human and dog burials, shell-pockets, and fire-pits have been discovered by Mr Calver and his companions (pi. iv, v, and fig. 1). Between the high ground of the Dyckman estate at 218th street and the Marble …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Calver, 1908 UPPER MANHATTAN 87 The Wading place is described as having been a short distance east of the original Fig. 1. — Skull of an ancient denizen of Shorakapkok, dis- interred on Seaman avenue near 204th street, Manhattan (Station 15, Map V). Kingsbridge, which in turn was east of the more recent bridge, now buried under Kingsbridge avenue (see Map VI). Steph…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It has been stated that oyster-shells were to be seen upon the island, but of course they may have been carried there in the extension of its area. By this means the path left the Island of Manhattan. Only those who were ferried over on the backs of others, passed on their way dry of foot, unless perchance at times a dugout may have served the pur- pose of a ferry. …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This island was a favored place for Indian residence, as it is sheltered by high hills in every direction, with an ample supply of fresh water. Its surface was composed largely of sand and cultivable soil. In the vicinity of 231st street, across the island, many traces of an occupied station have been found (18). Shell-pockets and scattered debris cover the upland, …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Calver discovered a fireplace, in the ashes of which there was standing upright a fine pottery vessel of Iroquois pattern, possibly neglected in a hurried abandonment of the place on the advent of some hostile party, by natives who never revisited the place to recover this domestic treasure. The path ran along Broadway close to this site, and then turned sharply to …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It passed through the principal stations of neighbor- ing chieftaincies, at Dobbs Ferry, Tarry- town, Ossining, Croton, and Peekskill, crossed the Highlands at Continental Village, and entered the lands of the Wap- pinger, extending to the country of their oppressors, the Mohawk. In Kingsbridge village the old post-road existed until recent years, when it was cov- e…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] In Indian days the brook made its way through a marshy tract ex- tending half a mile back to our present city boundary. Here the trail connected with a consid- erable village-site (19) which covered a space of several acres on the level land west of the lake. On this area, when the regrad- ing of the present playing-field was under- taken in 1890, J. B. James found …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This old highroad, now re named Newton avenue, can still be seen, much in its original condition (pi. vn). In this vicinity traces of native stations were discovered by J. B. James, at 247th street near the Fieldston road and at Pas- cal avenue. These doubtless had some relation to the Keskeskick village. Beyond Mosholu avenue the old line of the highway is now aban…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It was over this trail that the party of Dutch militia despatched by Kieft to raid the native settlement at Yonkers (20) passed in March, 1642, guided by Tobias Teunis- INDIAN NOTES rt I V' THE BRONX 95 sen, the pioneer settler of Inwood valley, who was probably well acquainted with the path The expedition must have left the main trail at some point in South Yonkers…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The lane passes an occupied place, marked by scattered oyster-shells and a large pit filled with shells, bones, and carbonized AND MONOGRAPHS 96 INDIAN PATHS material, on a projecting tongue of land just south of the intersection of the lane with the recent extension of 238th street. This trail probably made its way round the base of Spuyten Duyvil hill close to the…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Such a defensive place was doubt- less planned as a refuge in case of incursion by the overbearing Mohawk, and must have been accessible by paths or trails INDIAN NOTES THE BRONX 97 leading from the various stations in the vicinity. It could not have been a desir- able place for permanent residence, on account of its exposure to every wind that blew, and its lack of…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A site which indicates extensive utilization, and possible long residence, is that of the one-time farm dwelling of the Tippett AND MONOGRAPHS 98 INDIAN PATHS family on the same hill, but farther north, about the line of 231st street. Quantities of oyster-shells are imbedded in rich black soil. The place is sheltered, and flowing springs are nearby. Only a few fragm…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This was a well known native pathway, recorded in history, utilized later by the white settlers, and extending through the present Borough of the Bronx in two branches — one connected with Westchester and the local stations in its vicinity, the INDIAN NOTES THE BRONX 99 other passing through Eastchester and Pelham to the long stretch of Sound-shore territory, which …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The native name of this important path was Sachkerah, derived from the Delaware shaiahik, meaning "the shore," and oana, or aney, "a path," or, in other words, it was "the Shore-road." It is quite pre- cisely located in the deed by which the natives confirmed the purchase by Archer from Elias Doughty of the tract of land which was included between the two branches o…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] As ocque means "at the end of," or "as far as," aney "a path," and om "over," the name may denote "where the path goes over." The boundary ranged thence northward along Bronx river to a place called Cowangongh (120), which was the crossing of the upper or Shore path at Williamsb ridge. This name is derived from cowang, "a boundary," and ongk, "beyond," indicating th…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] In 1668 this thoroughfare again formed a boundary of property which Elias Doughty, the heir of Van der Donck's land-rights, sold to the farmers Tippett and Betts. This tract ran "west to Hudson's river and east to Bronck's River, with all the upland from Bronck's River south to West- chester Path." AND MONOGRAPHS 102 INDIAN PATHS The path had first necessarily to as…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This part of Westchester path, which will be first described, and is shown on Map VII, C, crossed the edge of some marshy ground near the bridge to Manhattan, where there is a patch of cultivable ground richly strewn with oyster-shells, indicating a small station and probably a planting- field. Crossing Heath avenue, the Lower path, INDIAN NOTES THE BRONX 103 as we …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It ran past the original site of Edgar Allan Poe's little home, and in front of the site of the old Valentine-Briggs farmhouse which has been very recently removed, on its western side, and so bending sharply east, it descended through the village of Fordham to Mill brook, at the head of Third avenue. JMiH brook was crossed at some point north of Pelham avenue, prob…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It would seem that some branch path must have extended toward native settle- ments in Ranachqua17 or Morrisania, the southern part of the present Borough of the Bronx. The known sites are not numerous, but the fertility of the soil and the attractive natural features of the terri- tory, which were testified to by Jonas INDIAN NOTES 60 < PL, a. X ■z. >> o I s THE B R…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Native trails therefore must have made their way into these localities from the north, and one such trail probably extended to a landing place on the shore of Bronx AND MONOGRAPHS 106 INDIAN PATHS kill, opposite Harlem, from which con- nection could be made by canoe with the head of the Indian trail on Manhattan is- land, which has been described in Section III. In …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The extent of the territory known as Ranachqua was not clearly defined, but it ran at least as far east as the Sackwra- hung district or Bungay creek, beyond which stream the West Farms purchase INDIAN NOTES THE BRONX 107 was made in 1663 from natives who were partly of Siwanoy and partly of Reckgawa- wanc affiliation. These physical conditions all seem to indicate …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A branch may have forked off along our present Jerome avenue leading AND MONOGRAPHS 108 INDIAN PATHS toward the end of the hill at Devoes point. This narrow tract of upland, extending from Highbridge to the present Macomb's Dam Park, was known to the natives as Nuasin, perhaps n'ashaue, "middle," ink, "place," indicating its situation between the waters of Cromwells…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] INDIAN NOTES THE BRONX 109 Another old wagon-way, which is de- scribed by Jenkins,1 8 branched off from the line of the Lower path at the place in Ford- ham where it crossed Mill brook, following the present Third avenue to East 182d street, along which it passed to East 181st street near Bronx river. If this was the successor of a pathway to Hunts point, which seem…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Another, starting from the Ranachqua locality, perhaps at the station 6, probably followed the course of the Westchester road which is now Westchester avenue, and may thus have formed a cross-connec- tion between the landing-place and the stations in the eastern part of the Borough of the Bronx, though it would have involved the crossing of Bronx river by canoe at A…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This was the district which later became the township of Westchester, the refuge of those fleeing from religious persecution in New England. The native stations occupied several ad- vantageous positions within Westchester township, and one of them, which was situated on the old Bear Swamp road (13), INDIAN NOTES THE BRONX 111 was maintained by the dwindling native p…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Continuing on toward the village of Westchester, the trail crossed Seabrey creek, a little brook emptying into Hutchinson river, where the New Haven branch railroad now runs over it, and a short distance beyond entered the line of the West Farms road and extended into Westchester, where it divided into two trails, one running north at Silver street, and another exte…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A trail could readily have been formed from this point, passing eastward over the upper part of Weir creek near the Town Dock road, which would lead to the site (12) of the Siwanoy village at the mouth of Weir creek (pi. x, xi). This ancient site is described in the publications of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation.19 It is probable that several oth…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It would be most probable that a trail would have led directly from the St Raymond's cemetery site by way of the Eastern boulevard and Ferris road, directly to Burial point, to which it is related that the Siwanoy of the entire district were wont to bring their dead for interment.20 On the west side of Westchester creek, the wide tract now occupied by Unionport and …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Such an important station as Castle point evidently required a pathway, which doubt- less must have connected it with the Siwa- noy village on the Bear Swamp road. The traffic between the two places could have passed most conveniently by way of the old Unionport road, which, after crossing Westchester avenue, followed the approxi- mate line of Avenue C, or Castle Po…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Such a trail on Cornells neck would have been necessarily more or less crooked, as the neck is cut up by small brooks and swampy areas, with isolated rocky patches which stand up like islands in the surround- ing sea of cattail rushes. The old "Mid- dle path" down the neck was its probable course, as it led directly to the native village of Snakapins, which was situ…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Returning to the upper Westchester or Shore path, which became the old Boston post-road, we find its starting point, now known as Boston avenue, in the village of Kingsbridge. Its course may be traced by reference to Map VII, A, C. This steep roadway connects at Giles street with Sedgwick avenue, where a little south of that intersection a small shell-pocket in the …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Making a bend like a flattened S, and crossing the Concourse, it turned around the north- ern side of the hill on which in the Revolu- tion the Negro Fort was constructed, and, descending to the Mosholu parkway, it went through Mill brook close to its source in a little pond situated near Jerome avenue. Thence curving northeastward, as Van Cortlandt avenue now runs,…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It may be noted that it is situated on a prominent tongue of land, diverting the course of the river some distance to the east. The ground north of the place selected for the cross- ing which now forms part of Woodlawn cemetery, is at a higher grade and would have made it inconvenient to pass in that direction. The river farther south is tor- tuous, and the banks ap…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] On this avenue it followed an irregular course to the bound- ary-line of the City of Mount Vernon, at the intersection of South Twelfth avenue and South Seventh street in that city. Thence it ran nearly due east, only two hundred to four hundred feet north of the New York City boundary, directly to the native station at old Eastchester village (21). The old road may…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It may be readily traced as the old un- paved country road beyond that point, where it meets and becomes Columbus avenue, Mount Vernon. It passed up a very steep incline at the Marsh View farm, and reached the line of East Sixth street, which was long known as the old Boston post-road, opposite the modern Dunham avenue. Here it descended, east by north, across the h…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This line it followed to New Rochelle, through which it passed by Huguenot street, and so by the line of the present Boston post-road, through Mamaroneck to Connecticut. Returning to the village of Eastchester, at the site of the old Schoolhouse Number One, the branch path which united with the Shore path became known as the East- chester road. In the confirmation o…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Jenkins says, "Before the days of theOest- dorp (Westchester) settlers it was a trail or path used by the Siwanoy."18 It passed along the meadowlands of Westchester creek, starting from Main street at Silver street in the village of Westchester, and it followed higher ground near the edge of the marshes of the Acqueanounck until it crossed Pelham- Parkway at the sit…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] At the Old Point Comfort tavern the newer road diverges east to the bridge over the creek, but the old pathway necessarily kept on the western side, and so passing INDIAN NOTES THE BRONX 123 northward it joined the Shore path, at the old schoolhouse site in Eastchester village: Two blocks beyond the crossing of Hutch- inson river, in the village of Pelham Manor, the…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Montgomery, of Pelham Manor, by means of the old bowlder fences and line of trees which he found in vacant lots, extending to the Split Rock road (once miscalled Prospect Hill road, but happily renamed), which is the continuation of the line of this old Indian pathway. The line of this old trail passes the Split AND MONOGRAPHS 124 INDIAN PATHS Rock, crossing the bro…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Situated as it is on the slope on which grew the historic oak tree under which Thomas Pell made the bargain for his manor with Maminipoe and Wampage, the local chieftains, it would seem probable that this may have been the site of their principal village. The locality of which this village formed the center was known to the natives as Laaphawachking, denoting a plow…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Hunter island (25) was a native resort of some importance, as upon or near it was a great rock known as Mishow, regarded by the natives as a feature of their assem- blies and discussions. A careful examina- tion of the shores of this island and of Twin islands fails to determine which of the numerous rocks that may be found along the tide-swept front would have been…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The brook now known as Roosevelts (24), a name dating back to the acquisition of property in that vicinity by that family early in the nineteenth century, may have been the Maninketsuck which Tooker says was a "strong flowing brook" in Pelham. This place is favorably situated, sheltered and provided with good dririking water, and its further exploration by the Museu…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Its course seems to coincide with that of the present Pelham and East Pelham road, now forming an extension of the Shore driveway.22 Southward from the Split Rock road the other branch trail must have led across the head of Bartow creek to the line of the City Island road, and following that course would cross the swamp at Glovers rock, where later the New England m…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] § Q H "5, O < c "fe"S 1^ u O S co lu K z uft - I >' V.— INDIAN PATHS IN KINGS COUNTY (Maps VIII, A, B, C, D) HE Borough of Brooklyn covers an area which afforded consid- erable advantages for Indian residence. Its fishing and hunting facilities must have been superior and were capable of supporting a numerous population. The extensive shell-beds which are found at c…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Compared with the large area of Kings county, the number of known stations is relatively small, and precise observations were not made in past times as to position and character. The interest and labor of modern local observers such as Austin, Armbruster, and Dove, in exploring and recording the position and condition of native occupied sites, together with the slen…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Equally marked is the influence of these humble trails on the after-develop- ment of the great borough, as the pro- genitors of those arteries of traffic by reason of which old Brooklyn and its neigh- bors grew up together and ultimately became united in one great community. From far eastern regions the Long Island natives made their way along the Rockaway path to B…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Careful exploration of these village sites has been lacking, notwithstanding all the street grading and extensive building operations which have metamorphosed much of the surface of the present borough. Their neighbors on the Fort Hamilton tract, known as Nayack, were some of those Manhattan Indians who had sold their home-lands to the Dutch in 1626. Their territory…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The most definite of these early discov- eries is a site (66) which was exposed in the year 1826, on an eminence in the Fourth ward, which Furman precisely locates at Bridge street between Front and York streets, where, on a grass-grown hill sur- mounted by three conspicuous buttonwood trees, there were found burnt stones doubt- less forming part of the fireplaces o…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This station was directly south, across the waters of East river, from the village of Rechtauck, on Corlears hook, and probably in full sight of the Werpoes hill on Manhattan. Its vicinity is now completely covered by modern streets and buildings. The tract of land on which it was situated was called Rinnegaconck,24 which later became known as the Wallabout. As in o…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The first white settlement in Brooklyn was made upon the site of the native village known as Marechkawick (117).25 This would locate that Indian station at the old settlement which was built up on both sides of the native path, now Fulton street, in the vicinity of Lawrence and Jay streets. The name of the chieftaincy is defined by Tooker as meaning "at his fortifie…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] On Fulton street at Hoyt street, there was established in later years the village cemetery, possibly succeeding native in- terments in favorable soil. The path here swerved slightly to the west toward the cemetery site. The Dutch Church was built on the east side of the line of the trail, and then the highway was opened on its eastern side, making the church plot an…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The grant, which was dated 27 May, 1640, comprised "a certain piece of land upon the Long Island near Marechkawingh about Werpos, reaching in breadth from the kil and valley that come from Gowanes N. W. by N. and from the strand on the East River S. E. by E., 1700 paces of three feet each, and in length from the head of the aforesaid kil N. E. by E., and S. W. by W.…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It was known in 1642 as "Sassian's maize-land," a name denoting "the sower," and the natives continued its cultivation until that date, after which they probably sold it to Lubbersen, since in 1645 it was described as "Frederick Lubbertsen's maize-land." The home which he established in its vicinity was close to the place called Werpos, near which there was a large …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The place was so favorably situated in regard to shelter and water springs that it not only attracted to it the natives, but their successor, Lubbersen. It was prob- ably reached by a branch trail from Red Hook lane, that extended between Warren and Wyckoff streets. In the same proceedings an old woman, Maritie Bevors, then 84 years of age, re- membered going from B…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Flint26 says, "The early settlers widened this trail into a wagon road which retained for many years this rural character." It was not until 1704 that the route was ordered to be laid out as a King's highway, "all along to Brooklyn towne afforesaid through the lane that now is." The route was admirably adapted to connect the native settlements on the Brooklyn penin-…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This branchtrail made a sharp turn, as pre- viously mentioned, to avoid some obstruc- tion, perhaps the native planting-ground at Pacific street, and then followed the line of Court street directly to Degraw street, whence another old lane, which was existing in the eighteenth century, led southwesterly through the native corn-fields as described by old Maritie Bevo…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] At this early settlement natives were still making their home as late as 1679, when Sluyter and Dankers, the Labadist monks, enjoyed the hospi- tality of the homestead, and noted in their diary the abundance and enormous size of the oysters gathered in the vicinity. Another nearby station was evidenced by the discovery by Adam Dove of a num- ber of artifacts in the …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This old path passes very near the place at 37th street where Indian objects were found, as above mentioned, and its extension across the center of Greenwood cemetery is directly toward the main line of trail on Flatbush avenue at or near Battle pass in Prospect Park (pi. xvm).

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It is the trail mentioned in a declaration made 4 April, 1677, by two natives, "Zemo Kamingh otherwise known in his walks (or travels) as Kaus Hansen," and "Kenrom, both Indians," who recorded the bounds of the land of Paulus Vander- beeck to be *'a certain tree or stump on the Long Hill on the one side, and on the AND MONOGRAPHS 144 INDIAN PATHS other the end of th…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The old Gowanus road wound crookedly around the margin of the marshes, and near Fourth ave- nue, at 35th street, it became the old Nar- rows lane, which extended on some undefined course to the vicinity of Fort Hamilton, which was the district known as Nayack. Near 86th street it probably ran into the King's highway, the westerly end of the an- cient path known as M…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Within the Borough of Brooklyn it followed first the line of At- lantic avenue, reaching Bedford Four- corners at the present Bedford avenue. Here another path, the old Cripplebush road, set off northward, extending to. the Newtown turnpike road, which reached the districts of Bushwick, Williamsburg, and Greenpoint. There are no records nor observations of native re…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This road may have originated in an Indian trail. The old Wood Point road joined it at Metropolitan avenue, and extended up to Greenpoint. If the natives were accus- tomed to visit Greenpoint, this old track doubtless followed their woodland trail. It was certainly the first path trodden by the white men in that district. INDIAN NOTES VI— THE HOME-LANDS OF THE CANAR…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It passed through the Valley grove, as the region about Midwood street was aptly titled, and thence almost due 147 AND MONOGRAPHS 148 INDIAN PATHS south through the woodlands of Flatbush. Where Cortelyou road now touches Flat- bush avenue, the old Canarsie lane set off eastwardly, extending directly to the plant- ing lands of the Canarsee chieftaincy, at the modern …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This long watercourse, known in later years as Bedford creek, gave access by water to the vicinity of the path from Jamaica bay, and it is not improbable that the natives making their way to and from Bergen INDIAN NOTES THE CANARSEE 149 beach and Canarsie beach may have utilized it to avoid a tramp of four miles. The modern Canarsie, which was part of the township o…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This name, therefore, seems to have been applied generally to the fenced- in area, the center of which was the pres- ent Canarsie, to which the natives clung, and stipulated in their sale of April 16, 1665, that "the purchasers once for always a fence shall set at Canarissen for the pro- tection of the Indians cultivation." Bounds of such a cultivated area may be in…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It seems to have been more of a place for the cultivation of crops and the manufacture of wampum. The most natural position for a place of meeting in this locality is Flatlands (104), a place where a known station existed, which is situated at the junction of paths INDIAN NOTES CO CO O 3 ° Sri DC P >- Xi z a 2 LLl < — > I H° < Ul THE CANARSEE 151 converging from fou…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The Flatlands tract as granted June 16, 1636, comprised all the land between Gerritsen creek and Paardegat creek, including mod- ern South Flatbush, Vandeveer Park, and Westminster Heights Park. This, however, did not include Winippague, for that island AND MONOGRAPHS 152 INDIAN PATHS wag granted to Captain John Underbill ten years later as a reward for his doughty …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Flatlands thus appears to have been, from all these circumstances, and from its situa- tion in the general direction in which the council-place was undoubtedly situated, the Keskaechquerem referred to in several of the early sales of lands. Its sachems in 1638 were Kakapetteyno, Menquaeruan, INDIAN NOTES... TH E C AN ARSEE 153 and Suwiran. With Pewichaus, the local …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It connected directly with the Hunterfly Road trail, of which it was evi- dently an extension, at the sharp bend in the latter at Howard and Sutter avenues AND MONOGRAPHS 154 INDIAN PATHS in East New York. It thus formed a short cut to Keskaechquerem from the Rocka- way path. From the Flatlands station another path must have extended to a well-defined native settlem…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It was in fact one of the places where INDIAN NOTES < BOLTON - INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS THE INDIAN VILLAGE-SITE AT GERRITSEN BASIN, FROM A SURVEY AND OBSERVATIONS BY D. B. AUSTIN. THE CANARSEE 155 the important manufacture of wampum was carried on. The position of native resi- dence might be expected to have been on the northern part of the island, near …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] We have warrant for assum- ing it to have been occupied for a long period, as the path that led westward from it was known to the Indians as Mechawanienck, "the ancient pathway." That name is recorded in a deed of 1652 in which the path was described as the southern bound- ary of a great tract extending from Gowanus. AND MONOGRAPHS 156 INDIAN PATHS Mechawanienck lat…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] An early transaction in 1636, between certain natives of Keskaechquerem and Jacobus van Corlaer, conveyed to the latter a tract of salt marsh, called Castuteeuw, or Kes-asketu, i.e., "where grass is cut." This is described as being "the middlemost of three flats," which may be identified as those marshy areas that bound the INDIAN NOTES — \ THE CANARSEE 157 Canarsie…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This deep tidal inlet, extending northward from the waters separating Coney Island from the mainland, is also known as Ryders pond, though its AND MONOGRAPHS 158 INDIAN PATHS early colonial title was the Strome kill. Its head is a natural lake, the water in which was readily impounded by Hugh Gerritsen, who erected a dam and tide gate, with a flour mill, both of whi…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Its area INDIAN NOTES THE CANARSEE 159 is illustrated in Map IX. Native occu- pancy extended over a considerable space on the western side of the basin. The water supply was provided by a good spring which is still running, and a broad and very fertile tract of farm land extends west of the site of the village which may be identified as the Indian Shanscomacocke. Ma…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] On the upland above the beach was the Indian burying-ground, where D. B. Austin un- covered interments having the appearance of being regularly disposed, about 35 feet apart. At this beach Hugh Gerritsen established his home, and all along the margin of the pond from the beach the natives have left abundant evidence of their occupancy of the upland which rises quite…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] (STATION 50, MAP VIII, D) The left foreground when plowed disturbed Indian burials, part of the native settlement of Shanscomacocke Photograph by D. B. Austin, 1900. THE CANARSEE 161 salt meadows on either side of the Strome kill, and the particular reference to "that running out more westerly" points to the great tract between the kill and Shellbank creek, being we…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] By this deed, natives of the Gravesend district, who we may assume to have been those still resi- AND MONOGRAPHS 162 INDIAN PATHS dent on the Gerritsen basin village-site, confirmed the sale of the northern part of the area which was included within the township of Gravesend. The bounds of Makeopaca, "a great cleared space," are carefully detailed, and evidently inc…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Passing up this creek the bounds extended "from the head of said creek through the middle of the meadow [between Avenues P and Q], till they come to a white oak tree standing by the Flatland INDIAN NOTES THE CANARSEE 163 wagon path." This was the ancient trail, Mechawanienck, by that time expanded to the width of a wagon. Along this path the measurement proceeded "s…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] In a deed of 1650 the region was known as Massabarkem.31 This name applied to the west part of Gravesend neck, lying between Gravesend creek and the inlet which extends north from Sheepshead AND MONOGRAPHS 164 INDIAN PATHS bay on the line of East 12th street and Homecrest avenue. The name was mis- handled by the scribe who engrossed the conveyance, but can be identi…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It is so natural a line of travel, though it paralleled the Mechawanienck trail, that it can hardly fail to have been the successor INDIAN NOTES THE CANARSEE 165 of a native pathway extending westward from the beach to the stations at Grave- send (pi. xxv). With the Narrioch tract the natives also passed title to Mannahanning, or "land on an island," being the conti…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This crossed the creek at a point where there was a little dry islet, and the road was marked on the Goodrich AND MONOGRAPHS 166 INDIAN PATHS map of 1824 as being "fordable at low water." Another old road led westward from Gravesend, which was known as Lake lane. It extended as Beach lane to the shore of Gravesend bay, at Bay 45th street. By such a line of travel th…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The native deed of 1645 to Lady Moody and her associates mentions INDIAN NOTES INDIAN PATHS THE INDIAN POND, IN THE INDIAN FIELD. ALONGSIDE MECHA- WANIENCK, THE ANCIENT PATHWAY AT THE BOUND- ARY BETWEEN GRAVESEND AND NEW UTRECHT (STATION 106, MAP VIM, C) Photograph by Adam Dove THE CANARSEE 167 a "certaine pond in an old Indian field on the north side of the plantat…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It extends from 81st street to the old margin of the bay, beyond Cropsey avenue, and is near the line of Twentieth avenue. It was the dividing line between the planta- tions of Anthony Jansen and others in AND MONOGRAPHS 168 INDIAN PATHS 1643 and 1657. As such its probable exis- tence as a trail is indicated. It was utilized by the early settlers as a means of acces…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The name denotes a point or angle of land, and as such may be appropriately applied to the Fort Hamil- ton tract, bounded probably by Dyker Heights Park on the south, and extending perhaps as far north as Yellow hook to meet the bounds of the home-lands of the INDIAN NOTES THE CANARSEE 169 Gouwanis chieftaincy. Through the heart of this district the old trail ran a …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Seisen was the same chieftain of Marechkawick who in 1637 sold Black- wells island. Mattano was chief of Nayack at the date of this deed, having succeeded Meijeterma after 1649. AND MONOGRAPHS 170 INDIAN PATHS That the Nayack natives who were the original owners of lower Manhattan were related to the Marechkawick Indians, is made evident not only by their removal to…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] INDIAN NOTES VII.— NATIVE PATHS IN THE BOROUGH OF QUEENS (Maps I, and VIII, B) THE Borough of Queens, which is a part of the one-time county of that name, was added to the Metropolis in 1898. It is a very spacious tract, embracing within its area the old townships of Newtown, Flushing, Jamaica, and part of Hemp- stead, and the modern industrial district of Long Isla…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Within the large territory much remains to be done in the direction of exploration and investigation, by which the limited information regarding its occupancy by the Indians may be considerably extended. The Rockaway, who are considered by Armbruster to have, been the Marech- kawick of Brooklyn, or their near relations, were centered beyond the bounds of the Greater…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The name of the inlet, according to Tooker, bears some reference to a bad water place or swampy locality, which well describes the character of the borders of the creek and of its branches. The native names of three branches of Newtown creek have been preserved. Canapaukah, which seems to indicate a shut-in water place, was later Jknown as Dutch kills. This inlet ex…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The position of that settlement is indi- cated by the discovery from time to time of native artifacts upon the Maspeth hills The situation also appears to have been desirable for native residence, as the creek provided fresh water at its source, and the elevation afforded a wide view over sur- rounding country. A village-site might have been looked for in the vicini…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It is not possible to suggest any particular line of trail connecting this place with Mispat. The path, if such there was, wound its way through the timber, which in later years Was all cut off, through the narrow neck of dry land between the heads of the Sunwick and Canapaukah creeks, near the present entrance to the approach of the Queensboro bridge. The name of t…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Flushing bay would appear to have been a very favorable place for native occupancy. North beach on Fishs point, the extremity of the promontory, is opposite Rikers island, beyond which a moderate stretch of still water separated it from Quinnahung and Snakapins, native settlements in the south part of the Bronx. From Flushing bay there set in west- wardly a watercou…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The name which was thus applied to the creek in the conveyance above men- tioned, was probably that of the sea-shore path which followed its course, as pointed out by Tooker,32 corresponding as it does to the Delaware words shajahik, "sea- shore," and aney, "a path." Such a pathway, if extended through the Mispat village as it might have been, on the line of Trimble…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It became known later as the Jamaica and Brooklyn plank road, and sometimes as the Old Ferry road. In the village of Bedford it crossed, at the Four Corners, the junction of the Clove road, which was an old lane that may still be traced in part in the line of Canarsie avenue from Montgomery street southward to its old junction with the Canarsie lane, now the south b…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The Rockaway path crossed the boundary of the Borough of Queens, as does its suc- cessor Jamaica avenue, at Elderts lane, and passed thence almost due east toward Jamaica (101), skirting the south side of the Green hills through the Woodhaven and Richmond Hill districts, and entering Jamaica at Fulton street, where it joined another known trail that led north to Flu…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The main path to those native settlements was doubtless by the route of the old high- way from Jamaica which led direct to Rockaway neck, and was practically an extension of the Flushing road. This old road, which may well have been an ancient path, passed over the meadows south of Jamaica, crossing the creek known to the natives as Skupash, the source of which was …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Direct communication was doubtless well established between the residents in these large settlements and those of their kinsfolk living near the waters of the Sound, by passing through Jamaica, and thence north on the line of the Flushing road, which within Flushing is now known as Jamaica avenue. The settlement at Jamaica seems to have been occupied by a clan of na…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Prob- ably it was a station, and its planting- grounds were extended over the same tract that afterward formed the garden. A mile to the east, on the Duryea farm, objects of native manufacture evidenced the presence of the Indians. The Flushing sta- tion appears to have been the headquarters at one time of the leading sachem of this part of Long Island, for in 1664 …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] In this vicinity abundant shellheaps and native objects indicate its favorable advantages for native residence. Beyond Little Neck the trail went for- ward to Manhasset, providing means of access from such stations as those at Dosoris, Port Washington, and others along the North shore of Long Island. AND MONOGRAPHS 184 INDIAN PATHS It seems probable that this North-…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Such long trails and tedious detours to avoid watercourses and marshes must have appeared very aggravating at times to those natives living on the shores facing INDIAN NOTES BOROUGH OF QUEENS 185 each other across the waters of East river. Hell Gate offered an obstruction to free passage which led to the tradition among the natives of the region to the effect that a…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Having thus comfortably rid the mainland of that undesirable alien, the story leaves Cut bur- den on Long Island of proving whether his Satanic Majesty skipped back again, over AND MONOGRAPHS 186 INDIAN PATHS the gate of hell, to Manhattan, or still remains resident in the Borough of Brook- lyn, playing the devil with metropolitan politics. INDIAN NOTES T VIII— RICH…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] so that all the important native settlements are found to have been established around the shores, and only in a few places were small stations located inland. The native ownership of the borough was divided, its residents being members of several chieftaincies, who were settled upon that part of the coast contiguous to their mainland relatives, those on the north b…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Favored by nature as it was, and situ- ated in so commanding a position, the island unfortunately attracted the cupidity of the white man, and his usual process of expropriation of its unhappy" tenantry INDIAN NOTES RICHMOND PATHS 189 took place, marked with injustice and treach- ery that resulted in a bloody tragedy of fifty years, culminating in the complete dismi…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] But the topography of the island is so pronounced and varied in character as to lend considerable aid in indicating the probable routes of the necessary paths by which these natives communicated with one another, and, as is found to have been the case elsewhere, these are frequently those natural lines of grade and avoidance AND MONOGRAPHS 190 INDIAN PATHS of bogs a…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] On the west side of the range of hills the old Richmond turnpike passes through native sites from New Brighton and Silver Lake to Linoleum ville, and on the north shore several important settlements were doubtless connected by some path that INDIAN NOTES RICHMOND PATHS 191 paralleled the Kill van Kull between West New Brighton and Howlands hook. This trail would pro…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A village of extensive character, and one which was asserted to have been the scene of important gatherings and ceremonies in ancient times, was situated at Cedar and Dongan streets, West New Brighton, and burials within its area were found on the site of the parish house of the Church of the Ascension. Other camp-sites were AND MONOGRAPHS 192 INDIAN PATHS • situate…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Farther south at Watchogue, now Bloom- field (76), a quantity of relics indicate oc- cupancy of a site which did not, however, present the characteristics of a settled village. At the junction of Union avenue and the Watchogue road (87) there were burials and probably a village-site, and INDIAN NOTES RICHMOND PATHS 193 scattered relics have been found on the sand-du…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The stations in the southwestern part of the island begin at Green Ridge (91), where, on a space between Journeay avenue and Annadale road, relics of ancient character have been found. Far out in the marsh- lands near the outlet of the Fresh kills, the tortuous channels form an island (79) AND MONOGRAPHS 194 INDIAN PATHS known as Lakes island. This afforded numerous…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Harrington, are increasing the store of information as to its extent and char- acter (see pi. xxvii, xxvin). Situated on the "high sandy banks" that gave its name to Aquehonga, with the great oyster-beds of Raritan bay extending INDIAN NOTES V RICHMOND PATHS 195 around it, and the tidal waters that surge round the point swarming with fish, the station was admirably …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] At the head of that inlet, in the salt meadow, traces were found by Alanson Skinner, indicating the use of the place as a "clam drying" ground. Nothing more has been traced between that locality and Arrochar AND MONOGRAPHS 196 INDIAN PATHS (96), at which place, near the railroad station on Richmond avenue, there is an ancient site, probably one of the earliest on th…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] the Chancery of New Jersey," etc., New York, 1747.) IX— PATHS IN NEARBY NEW JERSEY (Maps I; VIII, A; X) A STUDY of the system of Indian paths in the Metropolis would be incomplete without considera- tion of those traversing the con- tiguous territory on the west side of the waters of the bay and of the great estuary of the Hudson. Staten Island, which is substantial…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A considerable settlement existed at Constable point (71), and there was a fishing station on the opposite side of the point, near the Central Railroad tracks on the shore of Newark bay. Constable point was practically an island separated from Bayonne by a wide tract of marsh with watercourses extending from Centerville to the Kill van Kull. At Gamoenepa (118), the …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It had nearby a neighboring community in the native village of Harsimus (115), situated in the cove about the present Henderson street and 5th street, in modern Hoboken. At Castle point, the trading station of Hobokan Hackingh (116), was established a place of some importance, which by its position on the highest southerly ground along the river-front commanded the …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It was, perhaps, a common custom to transport goods and travelers by canoe across the Hackensack, which could have been best accomplished at Kearney, but in the absence of the means of water ferriage the traveler was compelled to journey to some point farther inland, where a crossing by wading could be effected. The Hacken- sack was approachable at Little Ferry, whe…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A short distance north of its junction with Saddle river there is a shallow place used as a ford in Colonial times, which was probably a crossing used by the Indians on their way to the homes of the Acquac anonck along the Passaic valley, and thence through the Short hills to the west. Those who sought the region inhabited by the warlike Minsi, who were settled in t…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] There two known Indian trails diverged, one leading into the narrow valley of the Ramapo river through the heart of the mountains to the Highlands, and the other turning eastwardly along Mahwah creek directly to Haverstraw. Through these mountain trails there doubtless flowed a great part of the traffic that brought the pelts and game of the wild forests to Manhatta…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] i oaotprn New Jersey, embracing: the native sales of territory con- Onginal 1 map of a portion of.aster ^ ^ g ^ tiguous to Staten Island, showing a part 01 k r / 1750 as an exhibit in the Elizabeth boundary dispute. (Courtesy of the New York H.stoncal Society.)., NEW JERSEY 203 feature of east New Jersey that it appears prominently in ancient maps, such as that repr…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] which the path passed. It relates to a dispute be- tween the towns of Newark and Elizabeth as to their respective boundaries, and is evidently the work of some surveyor AND MONOGRAPHS 204 INDIAN PATHS acquainted with the historical side of the subject, as it records not only the bounda- ries but the dates and even some of the native names of the tracts purchased fro…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The point of its crossing of Raritan river was about two miles west of Perth Amboy, where a fordable depth was doubtless found at a place which is marked on the old survey as Kents neck, the native name of which was Matockshegan, indicating by its use of the words matta, "bad," tuck, "a creek," and perhaps oushachen, "slippery," the awkward and difficult INDIAN NOTE…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Its importance is evident on examination of its course around the waters of the metropolitan area, as it afforded the desired access to the ocean without the necessity of passing over the mountains of the Ramapo, avoiding also the extensive swamps of the Passaic and the Hackensack. It formed so direct a means of contact with the natives of the Delaware tribe that it…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Harrington, in a personal communication to the author, says of the name Werpoes or Worpus: "There seems to be nothing in recorded Delaware to help us here, but the Natick word waapu, 'raised up,' with the diminutive -s added, would seem to indi- cate 'a slight elevation.' This would ac- cord with the Kolch hill, the most con- spicuous elevation of the neighborhood."…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] An elevation, scarcely sufficiently conspicuous to de- serve the name of a hill, seems to be in- dicated by the Delaware as pi, "lifted up," and the locative-o»g, "an elevated place," or as we should say, "rising ground." — Information by M. R. Harrington. 7. Valentine's Manual for 1865, pp. 608 and 638. 8. Shepmoes. Though we might derive this from the Delaware wor…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The Delaware kwene-aki- es-k indicates the character of the tract as a long-place-little-at, or long narrow tract, perhaps wooded, bounded west by the marsh lands and east by the surging waters of the East river. — M. R. Har- rington. 12. Riker, James, History of Harlem, p. 282. INDIAN NOTES NOTES 209 13. Skinner, Alanson, Archeological Investiga- tions on Manhattan…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Historical Society, vol. v, no. 1, New York, 1921. 17. Ranachqua. The Ranachqua tract, which formed the apex of the great peninsula covered by Westchester county, was significantly described by its native name, evidently derived from the Delaware wunaXkwaloye, "the extreme end." — M. R. Harrington. 18. Jenkins, Stephen, Story of the Bronx, p. 214. AND MONOGRAPHS 210…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The patent of 1646 to Van Tienhoven describes Breukelen as "formerly called Marechkawick." The village planting- grounds were in the vicinity, as described in the grant of land to Frederick Lubber- sen in 1640. 26. Flint, M. B., Early Life on Long Island. 27. Stiles, H. R., History of Brooklyn, vol. i, p. 52. 28. Stiles, ibid., vol. i, p. 49. 29. New York Colonial D…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] •, Indian Names of New York, Fayette- ville, N. Y., 1893 Bolton, R. P., The Indians of Washington Heights, Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, vol. in, New York, 1909., New York City in Indian Possession Indian Notes and Monographs, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. n, no. 7, New York, 1920. Bolton, Rev. Robert, The History…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Hanna, Charles A., The Wilderness Trail, New York, 1911. (Two vols., with 80 maps.) Heye, G. G., and Pepper, G. H., Exploration of a Munsee Cemetery near Montague, New Jersey, Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. n, no. 1, New York, 1915. Higgins, Charles M., Brooklyn and Gowanus in History, Kings County Historical Society Maga…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Onderdonk, Henry, Queens County in Olden Times, Jamaica, 1865., Revolutionary Incidents of Queens County, New York, 1846. Prime, Nathaniel S., History of Long Island, New York, 1845. Riker, James, Annals of Newtown, New York, 1852., Harlem, its Origin and Annals, New York, 1881, Ruttenber, E. M., History of the Indian Tribes of the Hudson River, Albany, 1872., India…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Sluyter and Dankers, Journal, 1679. In Transactions of the Long Island Historical Society, vol. i, Brooklyn, 1867. Strong, Thos. M., History of Flatbush, New York, 1842. Thompson, B. F., History of Long Island, 2d ed., New York, 1843. Tooker, William Wallace, The Indian Place Names on Long Island, etc., New York, 1911., Amerindian Names in Westchester County. In Sho…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] INDIAN NOTES MAPS CONSULTED Atlas of 23d ward, City of New York. Atlas of 24th ward, City of New York. 2d edition. Survey by Robinson and Pidgeon, published by E. Robinson, N. Y., 1887. Bergen Point, N. J. An original map of the point up to "Weehawk," made by an un- known person in 1767, having upon it a note of distances made by Robert Erskine in 1779. Shows old dw…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Maps 217 AND MONOGRAPHS 218 INDIAN PATHS covering the area of the greater city and of eastern New Jersey. Hudson River. Vingboom, 1639. In the Li- brary of Congress. Hudson River, The, between New York and Albany. Goodrich, 1824. Hudson River, Topographical map of the. Lloyd, 1864. Hudson River Valley, The. Atlas. Watson, 1891. Indian Trails. Map in Charles A. Hanna…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] In possession of the New York Historical Society. INDIAN NOTES MAPS CONSULTED 219 New Jersey, East. In Tilden's Map of New York, 1863. New Jersey, State of, by J. Low. New York, 1796. New York and its Vicinity. Surveys by H. F. WaUing. Published by S. D. Tilden, N. Y.} 1863. New York City. Maps published in the Man- ual of the Common Council of the City of New York,…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] ("The Indian name for the extreme point of the upland was Kap-se" — Ben- son.) (See Valentine's Manual, 1852, p. 462.) The Dutch name for the point extending south of Pearl street was Schreyers Hoek. 2. Werpoes (Maps II; III; VIII, A). A native village-site at the Kalch Hoek, a hill which overlooked the Kolch or Collect ponds. The village was prob- ably situated on …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A station, but probably no more than a landing and trading place, utilized as the nearest convenient point of access to Hoboken, when peltries and goods were brought by the Hackensack for barter. It was situated on the shore of the slight indentation of the river-front between Betrmne and Horatio streets, in what is now "Greenwich Village." 5. Rechewanis (Map IV). R…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Several sites around this favored locality are marked by native debris: (1) Around the site of the one-time house of the Richardson family, particu- larly about the spring nearby, near the old Hunt burial-ground. (2) On the Dickey estate on the Hunts Point road at Randall avenue. (3) On a mound surrounded by marsh-lands on the line of Eastern boulevard, if extended:…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] An important native station, the name of which has not been recorded, consisting of a palisaded enclosure, or fort, on the high mound on the west bank of Westchester creek, which was the site of the Screven residence. A village probably extended on the south side of the hill, the site being marked by debris. On the extreme point is a large shell- heap containing the…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Along the shore-line native objects indicate its former occupancy, probably as summer fishing places. Locust point, distinguished by a cluster of locust trees, is now under water at high-tide. AND MONOGRAPHS 224 INDIAN PATHS 12. Weir creek (Map VII, D). On Throgs neck. An important native station situated on the shore at the mouth of the creek, on the Brown estate, …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Sever- al rock-shelters and camp-sites also have been traced along the riverside as far south as 158th street. 15. Muscoota (Map V). The modern Dyck- man tract, comprising all the low- lands draining into Sherman basin, and the marsh meadows along the shore of Harlem river, which was referred to as "the Kil Muscoota." These lands extended as far north as Marble hill…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The site of a palisaded station, the precise position of which is not known. The name de- notes a muddy pond. Native debris was found on the summit overlooking the Hudson, but a more probable site has been recently discovered near a small pond on the line of 231st street. 18. Paparinemin or Papirinemin (Maps V; VI; VII, C). Applied both to the island which became th…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] n, no. 6, 1920 20. Nappeckamak (Map VII, A). The mod- ern Yonkers. A principal station of the Reckgawawanc chieftaincy which was probably situated near the outlet of the Neperah river, not far from Getty square, being thus close to the line of the Hudson River trail. 21. Eastchester (Map VII, A). A native station at the junction of the shore path and the path leadin…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Harrington on the northeastern side of the neck, and evidenced by large masses of shells and charcoal, and several human burials. This may have been the place in Pelham known to the natives as Asumsowis, which Tooker (Amerindian Names in Westchester County) considers to have been a personal name. 24. Maninketsuck (Map VII, B). Roose- velts brook, close to the northe…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A large Indian village and burying-ground on the shore of the Strome kill, Gerritsen basin, or Ryders Pond, Flatlands. Ex- plored by D. B. Austin. Many objects plowed up in the course of cultivation in the vicinity are in possession of Mr. Ryder, resident nearby. Canarsee (Map VIII, D). The princi- pal station of the chieftaincy known by that name. This is supposed …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Armbruster says there are immense shell-beds on this island. D. B. Austin states that these beds cover the area of the center of the island, and that they were probably debris from the manufacture of wampum. 53. Flushing (Map I). Site of a large village of the Matinecock chieftaincy. Arm- bruster (Hist. L. I., its Early Days, etc., 1914) says eleven native burials w…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Harrington, who found great AND MONOGRAPHS 230 INDIAN PATHS quantities of material in shell-pits, also many burials. The greater part of these objects is in the American Museum of Natural History, and one fine pointed- bottom jar is in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. 65. Mespaetches (Map VIII, B). The modern Maspeth. The name is applied to Newtow…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The name de- noting a point of land, probably applied to the whole neck which now includes Bay Ridge and Fort Hamilton. The position of the native village to which INDIAN NOTES INDEX TO STATIONS the inhabitants of lower Manhattan retired is not known. It would have been favorably situated at the southeast end of the United States reservation near the water supply in…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] It was so isolated from the neck by swamps ex- tend ng from Bayonne to the Kill van Kull that it must have been reached mainly by canoe. Another occupied station is evidenced by shell-deposits on the west side of Bergen neck, at the right-of-way of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. 72. Peltons cove (Map I). A village-site at the Upper cove, West New Brighton. 231 …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] At Arling- ton station, a native village-site, with human interments, was discovered and explored in 1901, and further developed in 1918 by Alanson Skinner. 75. Tunissens neck (Map I), or Old Place. A native site which yielded pottery, bone, and stone objects, indicating village life. ' 76. Watchogue (Map I). A camping site on Big Hummock, at Bloomfield, the name de…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Along Sandy brook there are evidences of native occupancy spread over a considerable area, apparently forming an extension of the village at Bogardus Corners (81). 83. Ward point (Map I). Near Tottenville. This very extensive native station is evidenced by masses of debris, accumu- lated to a considerable depth and spread irregularly over many acres. Part of the sit…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A site is noted by Skinner near the Richmond plank road, between Journeay avenue and Anna- dale road. 92. Princes bay, Princess bay (Map I). An unexplored site at the bay, and another site marked by a shell-pit and scattered objects on the shore halfway to the lighthouse, all indicate native stations, probably for fishing purposes. 93. Segulne point (Map I). A camp-…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A native fishing and oystering station evidently existed at 121st street, on the line of Pleasant avenue (or Avenue A), which probably bore the local name. 99. Shepmoes (Map VIII, A). At east 14th street, probably near Second avenue, there was a small station or plantation, which may have been named from some nearby brook. (Colonial Docs. N. Y., vol. xiv, p. 110.) 1…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Throgs neck (Map VII, D). A native site is indicated by burials which have been disturbed at St Raymond's ceme- tery on the Throgs Neck road. 103. Laaphawachking (Map VII, B). Pelham Bay park on the Bartow estate. A locality name probably applied to a quite important native site, close to the Shore road or Pelham Bridge road, with- in the Bartow property now owned b…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The important position occupied by this station, at the junction of these trails, and its situation in the locality where the famous Council-place was known to exist, seem to indicate it as INDIAN NOTES INDEX TO STATIONS 237 the gathering place known by the native name which denotes a place where pub- lic meetings took place. (See Colonial Docs. N. Y., vol. xiv. pp.…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] There was a native path extending from the main path through the site of New Utrecht, which ran to the beach at Gravesend bay. It indicates the probability of a native settlement at its junction with the ancient pathway. 108. Muskyttehool (Map VIII, D). A lo- cality at the Paardegat or Bedford creek, where it is crossed by the Flatlands AND MONOGRAPHS 238 INDIAN PAT…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] A native station, indicated by shell-deposits and a few objects, on the shore of East river, at Ravenswood Park, near the creek which is recorded as bearing this name. 112. Minnahanonck (Map VIII, B). Black- wells island. The island was owned and perhaps occupied by natives of the Marechkawick or Brooklyn chieftaincy. 113. Pagganck (Maps II; VIII, A). Nutten island,…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Probably the name was H 'ashim-muck, that is, "the place where there is a spring of drinking water." The place is indicated on Ratzer's survey on the north side of the cove formed by the hook, about the present 5th street and Henderson street. 116. HOBOKAN, Or HOBOKAN-HACKINGH (Maps II; VIII, A). A native station of importance, situated near Hudson and 2d streets, a…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] The name, denoting "where the water remained," was applied at times to the whole of Bergen neck. Near the shore- line there was some dry gound situated in the midst of a wide area of marsh, which may have been occupied as the village-site, but the precise position of the Indian village is not recorded. 119. Acqueegenom (Map VII, C). A native name indicating the situ…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] This is a reputed Indian resort in dense INDIAN NOTES INDEX TO STATIONS 241 woodlands, well suited to the purpose of a hiding place, and about midway be- tween the Shore path and the West- chester-Eastchester path. 122. Little Neck, or Douglaston (Map I). A favorite locality for native occupancy, evidenced by abundant shell-deposits, and the signs of a village and b…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] J.), 38, 204 Amboy road, 190, 193 American Museum of Natural History, 230 Amersfoort, 157, 169. See Nieuw Amersfoort Ancient One, The. See Mechowodt Ancient Pathway, the, 155, 157. See Mechawa- nienck Annadale road, 193, 234 Anns hook, 123, 227 Aqueduct avenue, 107 Aquehonga, 194 Aquehonga-Monacknong, 187 Aquehung, 104, 105, 240. See Bronx river Archer, John, 99 Are…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Pleasant avenue Avenue C, or Castle Point road, 114 Avenue G (Kings), 153 Avenue K (Kings), 152 Avenue L (Kings), 152 Avenue M (Kings), 228 Avenue O (Kings), 163 Avenue P (Kings), 162 Avenue Q (Kings), 162, 166 Avenue R (Kings), 166 Avenue T (Kings), 154, 160 Avenue U (Kings), 155, 158 Avenue V (Kings), 161 Bailey avenue, 102 Baltic street (Kings), 138, 139, 230…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Teunis G., 138 Bergen island, 132 Bergen neck, 198, 199, 200, 231, 240 Bergen peninsula, 239 Berrians neck, 96, 225. See Konstabelsche hook Bestavaer brook, 60, Bestevaars kill (Kings), 157. See Paardegat basin Bethune street, 58, 221 Betts, William, a farmer, 101 Bevors, Maritie, 139, 141 Big Hummock, 232 INDIAN NOTES INDEX 245 Blackie, Rev. William R., 124, 236 Bl…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Newtons creek Breakneck hill, 76, 77 Bridge street, 133, 230 Broad street, 52 Broadway, 19, 45, 47, 49, 52, 53, 63, 76, 79, 80, 85, 86, 87, 91, 94 Broadway (Queens), 179, 182, 183, 184 Bronck, Jonas, 104-105, 106, 108, 221 AND MONOGRAPHS 246 INDIAN PATHS Broncks river, Broncks Ryver, 101. See Bronx river Bronx borough, see Borough of Bronx Bronx kills, 105-106 B…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] L., 86, 91, 92, 97, 106, 108, 175 Canapaukah, 173 Canapaukah creek, 175 Canarissen, 149 Canarsee Indians, 40, 43, 131, 132, 147, 148, 149, 170, 173, 228, 236 Canarsee Planting Land, 150, 228 INDIAN NOTES INDEX 247 Canarsie, 132, 140, 148, 149, 150, 153, 179, 228 Canarsie avenue, 178 Canarsie beach, 149 Canarsie Beach Park, 157, 228 Canarsie lane, 148, 178 Canarsie n…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] I.), 178, 179, 190 AND MONOGRAPHS 248 INDIAN PATHS Cold Spring Hollow, 84, 225 Collect pond, see Kolch pond College Point, 172 Columbus avenue Mt. Vernon, 120 Communipaw (N. J.), 198, 240. See Ga- moenepa Concourse, see Grand Concourse Coney Island, 157, 162, 165 Coney Island creek, 165 Coney Island Jockey Club, 164 Connecticut, 121 Constable point, 198, 231 Contine…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Lenni Lenape Belaware river, 22, 205 Bepot lane, 79 Bevoes point, 108 Bickey estate, 222 Bivision street, 55 Bobbs Ferry, 92 Bongan Patent of 1685, 153 Bongan street, 191 Bosoris, 183 Boughty, Elias, 99, 101 Bouglaston, 241. See Little Neck Bove, Adam, 130, 142, 238 Bover street, 50, 55 Bownings brook, 111, 224 Brake Park, 110 Buane street, 47, 49, 53, 220 Bunha…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Old Boston Post Road Echo bay, 228 Eighth Regiment Armory, 103 Eighth street, west (Kings), 166 Eighteenth avenue (Kings), 167 Eighty-first street, 66 Eighty-first street (Kings), 167 Eighty-second street, 66 Eighty-third street, 66 Eighty-third street (Kings), 156 Eighty-fourth street (Kings), 156, 168 Eighty-fifth street, 66 Eighty-sixth street (Kings), 144 Ei…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Barren island Erramorhas, 176 Euclid avenue (Kings), 179 Evil Spirit, see Manetto Exchange place, Jersey City, 199 Farmers' bridge, 102 Far Rockaway, 172 Ferris mansion, 122, 223 Ferris road, 113 Fieldston road, 94 Fifteenth avenue (Kings), 156, 168 Fifth avenue, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 221 Fifth avenue (Kings), 143 Fifth street (Hoboken), 199, 239 Fifty-first stree…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] John's College Fort George, 80, 81 Fort Greene place, 142, 147 Fort Hamilton, 50, 132, 140, 143, 144, 168, 178, 188, 230 Fort Hamilton parkway, 156 Fort Independence, 116 Fort Number One, 97 Fort of 1812, 72 Fort Washington, 80 Fort Washington Park, 79 Fort Washington Point, 79, 224 Forty-first street, 66 Forty-fourth street 65 Forty-seventh street, 66 Forty-eighth …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Communipaw Gansevoort street, 58, 59 Gerritsen Basin, 132, 151, 157, 159, 162, 164, 228 Gerritsen creek, 151, 163 Gerritsen, Hugh, 158, 160, 164 Gerritsen, Wolphert, 44 Getty square, Yonkers, 226 Giles street, 116 Glovers rock, 127 Godwin, Joseph, 88 Godwin's island, 88 Goodrich map, 165-166 Gouwane, Chief, 238. See Gowanus Gouwanis chieftaincy, 169 Governors is…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Hunts Point Great Tree, the, 128 Green hills, 145, 178, 179 Greenpoint, 145, 146 Green Ridge, 193, 234 Greenwich avenue, 59 Greenwich landing, 39 Greenwich Village, 221 Greenwood, 238 Greenwood cemetery, 143 Green Wood point, 146 Grenen Hont Punt, see Greenpoint Gunhill Road, 117, 240 Guttaquoh, a sachem, 164 Gysbert's eylandt, 165 Hackensack, 50, 198, 199, 200 …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] J.), 201 Heath avenue, 102 Heermans, Augustine^ 43 Hellegat, 70 Hell Gate, 36, 69, 70, 71, 178, 184, 185, 186 Hellgate bay, 221 Hempstead, 171, 180 Hempstead bay, 181 Henderson street, Hoboken, 199, 239 Henry street, 56, 221 Hewlett, 172, 180, 181, 229 Hicks neck, 181 Highbridge, 107, 108 Highlands, 92, 202 High sandy banks, see Aquehonga Hills of Jochem Pieter, 76 …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Ann, 123, 124, 227 Hutchinson river, 30, 111, 119, 120, 121, 123. See Acqueanounck Hyatt tavern, 86 Indian cave, 84, 225 Indian pond, 166, 237 Indian trail, 72 Institute Park, 147 * Intervale avenue, 105 INDIAN NOTES INDEX 257 In wood,. 80, 81, 95 Invvood hill, 83, 84, 225 Iroquois, 91 Isham estate 84 Isham street, 86 Island of Manhattan, see Manhattan Island of Pap…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Middle Post-road Jerome avenue, 103, 105, 107, 117 Jerome reservoir, 117 Jersey City, 199 Johnson avenue, 173-174 Johnson Foundry, 83 Journeay avenue, 193, 234 Jumel, Madame, 78 Ka, a sachem, 144 Kakapetteyno, a sachem, 152 Kalch Hoek, 42, 43, 137, 220 Kamingh, Zemo, or Kaus Hansen, 143 AND MONOGRAPHS 258 INDIAN PATHS Kappock street, 97 Kapsee, Kap-se, 33, 51, 2…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Post-road Kips bay, 66, 67 Kissing Bridge, 66 Knoll, The, 80 Kolch hill, 44, 45, 47 Kolch pond, 44, 53, 54, 220 Konaande Kongh, Konaandekong, 63, 68, 70, 71, 221 Konstabelsche hook, 96. See Berrians neck Kreischerville, 194 INDIAN NOTES INDEX 259 Laaphawachking, 124, 236 Labadist monks. See Sluyter and Dankers Lafayette avenue, 192 Lafayette street, 47 Lake lane…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] J.), 205 Locust point, 113, 223 Long Hill, 143 Long Island, 38, 39, 40, 41, 50, 129, 131, 132, 137, 145, 149, 182, 183, 184, 185, 206, 234, 236 Long Island City, 171, 173, 174-175, 179 Long Island Railroad, 146 Long Island Sound, 21, 36, 121, 125, 177, 181, 185, 223 Long Neck, 193, 232 Lower bay, 36 AND MONOGRAPHS 260 INDIAN PATHS Lower path, 102, 107, 109 Lubbersen…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Coney Island Marble Hill, 81, 82, 85, 86, 100, 224 INDIAN NOTES INDEX 261 Marechkawick, Mareyckawick, Marychken- wingh, 132, 133, 135, 137, 169, 170, 172, 230, 238, 239 Marechkawingh, 137 Mariners Harbor, 191, 192, 232 Market street, 56 Marlboro, 237 Marsh View farm, 120 Marychkenwingh, see Marechkawick Mashanscomacocke, 159 Maspeth, 174, 177, 179, 230 Maspeth c…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] I.), 193 Milliken Brothers' Steel Works, 192 Minetta, 60 Minisink, 203 Minisink, island of, 205 Minisink path, 21, 39, 195, 202, 204 Minnahanonck, 176, 238. See Black wells island Minsi, 201 Minuit, Peter, 43, 50, 168 Mishow, 125, 227, 228. See Hunter island Mispat, 173-175, 177 Mitchel square, 78 Moeung, 162 Mohawk, 19, 40, 57, 92, 96 Montagne family, 68, 75 Montag…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Nechtank Nappeckamak, 226 Narrioch, 164, 165, 231 Narrioch neck, 162 Narrows lane (Kings), 144 Narrows, The, 33, 39, 166 Nassau street, 53, 54 Navasink, 166, 203 Navasink river, 203 Navy Yard, 134 Nayack, 50, 131, 132, 144, 145, 166, 168, 169, 170, 188, 230, 234 Near Rockaway, 172, 180. See Far Rockaway, Rechquakie, Rockaway, Rockaway Beach, Rockaway Point Necht…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Bowmans brook, De Harts brook Newtown (Queens), 132, 171, 173 Newtown creek, 171, 173, 230 Newtown inlet, 60 Newtown road, 145, 179 New Utrecht, 140, 148, 151, 156, 166, 167, 168, 169, 237 New York and Harlem Railroad, 118 New York Bay, 166, 177, 197, 202 New York Catholic Protectory, 115 New York Central Railroad, 86 New York commons, 66 New York Historical Soc…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Westchester Old Boston Post-road, 120 See Boston Post- road, Boston Road Old Ferry point, 113, 223 Old Ferry road, 178 Old Place, 191, 192, 232 Old Point Comfort tavern, 122 Old Wreck brook, 55 One Hundredth street, 68, 70 One Hundred Third street, 69 One Hundred Fourth street, 72 AND MONOGRAPHS 'A 266 INDIAN PATHS One Hundred Fifth street, 67, 68 One Hundred Se…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] JO, 201, 231 Passaic river, 21, 201, 204, 205, 231 Passaic valley, 201 Paterson (N. J.), 38, 201 Paulus hook, 199, 238, 239. See Aressick Paulus, Mr., 169 Pearl street, 45, 47, 51, 54, 55, 220 Peekskill, 92 Pelham, 30, 99, 126, 128, 227 Pelham avenue, 103 Pelham Bay, 125, 127 Pelham Bay Park, 227, 236 Pelham-Bay-View Park, 122 Pelham Bridge road, 236 Pelham Heath In…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] B, 158 Preakness valley, 201 Preble street, 110 Prescott avenue, 84 Princes bay, Princess bay, 195, 234 Prospect avenue (Kings), 147 Prospect Hill road, 123 Prospect Park, 141, 143, 147 Prospect reservoir, 147 INDIAN NOTES INDEX 269 Prospect street (Kings), 141 Public School No. 1, 120, 121 Public School No. 24, 97 Pudding rock, 241 Pugsley creek, 115 Quandoequareou…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Rechewac Reckgawawanc, 34, 63, 68, 71, 73, 78, 92 94, 107, 221, 225, 226 Red Hook, 137, 140, 141 Red Hook lane, 138, 139, 141 Revolution, the, 107, 117, 147 Richardson house, 110, 222 Richmond, 39, 187, 190, 193 Richmond avenue, 196 Richmond creek, 234 Richmond Hill, 179 Richmond Plank road., 234 Richmond road, 190 Richmond turnpike, 190 Riker, James, 32, 72, 75…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] Raymond's cemetery, 112, 113, 236 Sandberg, 60 Sand hill, see Sandberg Sandy brook, 194, 233 Sandy Ground, 233 Saperewack, 82, 86, 100. See Marble Hill Sapohanikan, Sappokanikke, 58, 59,63.221, 239 Sassian's maize-land. 138 Sawmill river, 95 Schenck, Captain John, 161 Schoolcraft, H. R., 57, 60 Schreyers hoek, Schryers hook, 51, 165, 220 Screven residence, 114, 223 …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Castle point Seabrey creek, 111 Seaman avenue, 83, 84, 87 Second avenue, 64, 65, 66, 70, 74, 235 Second street (Kings), 140 Second street, Hoboken, 239 AND MONOGRAPHS 272 INDIAN PATHS Secor, Morgan H., 227 Sedgwick avenue, 102, 103, 116 Seguine point, 195, 234 Seisen, 169 Seton estate, 240 Seton falls, 240 Seventh avenue, 75 Seventh avenue (Kings), 142, 143 Seve…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] 113, 114, 116, 119, 122, 123, 128, 224, 228, 240 Sixth avenue, 67 Sixth avenue (Kings), 142, 143, 238 Sixty-second street, 66 Sixty-second street, east (Kings), 161 Sixty-third street, 66 Sixty-sixth street, 66 Sixty-eighth street, 66 Sixty-ninth street, east (Kings), 154 Skinner, Alanson, 79, 81, 115, 191, 195, 222. 226, 232, 233, 234, 235 Skupash, 180 Sluyter and …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] J.), 205 Spuyten Duyvil, 32, 75, 83, 95, 96, 225 Spuyten Duyvil creek, 82, 83, 90, 102, 225 Squam creek, 231 Stapleton, 196, 235 State street, 51 Staten Island, 50, 166, 187, 191, 197, 204 Stepping Stones rocks, 185 Strawn beach, see Strome beach Strikers bay, 62, 63. See Ninety-sixth street Strome beach, 159, 160, 164 Strome kill, 158, 159, 161, 162, 228 Stuyvesant…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] 238 Thirty-eighth street, 66 Thirty-eighth street (Kings), 238 Thirty-ninth street, 65 Thoreau, 194, 233 Throgs Neck, 112, 223, 224, 236 Throgs Neck road, 112, 236 Tiebout farm, 64 Tippett family, 97-98, 101 Tippett's brook, 90 Titus Mill-pond, 127 Tooker, W. W., 43, 126, 135, 173, 175, 177, 227 229, 230, 232, 235, 236 Tottenville, 190, 194, 233 Town Dock road, 112 …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Ninety-seventh street Travisville, 193 Trimble avenue, 177 Tubby hook, 80, 235 Tunissens neck, 192, 232 Turner, Claude L., 116 Turtle Bay, 66, 67 Tuynier, Pieter, 85 Twelfth street, east, 60 Twelfth street, east (Kings), 164 Twentieth avenue (Kings), 167 Twentieth street (Kings), 167 AND MONOGRAPHS 276 INDIAN PATHS Twenty- first avenue (Kings), 156 Twenty-third …

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] See Peltons cove Utrecht.. 163. See New Utrecht Valentine avenue, 103 Valentine-Briggs farmhouse, 103 Valeyen, 70 Valley grove, 147 Valley Stream, 38, 229 Valley Stream road, 180 Van Brunt lane, 169 Van Corlaer, Jacobus, 156 Van Cortlandt, Frederick; 93, 94, 226 Van Cortlandt avenue, 117 Van Cortlandt Park, 92, 226 Vanderbeeck, Paulus, 143 Vanderbilt avenue (Kings),…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] J.), 202 Waverly place, 60 Webster avenue, 118 Weckquaesgeek, 41, 57, 95, 240 Weir creek, 112, 113, 224 Werpoes, Wrerpos (Manhattan), 43, 48; 49, 50, 53, 57, 199, 220 Werpoes hill, 134 Werpos, Worpus (Brooklyn), 50, 137, 138. 139, 141, 230 Wessels brook, 176. See Ludovics brook Wessels mill, 177 Westchester, 98, 100, 102, 110, 111, 112, 120. 121, 122, 226, 240 Westc…

[Reginald Pelham Bolton (1922)] J.), 197 Woodhaven, 179 Woodhull, 180 Woodlawn cemetery, 118 Wood Point road, 146 Woodrow, 194, 233 Wood, Silas, 129 Woods of Arden, 195, 234 Wort farm, 194 Worth street, 49, 220 AND MONOGRAPHS 280 INDIAN PATHS Wrights island, 223 WyckofI street, 139 Yellow hook, 168 Yonkers, 38, 92, 94, 95, 226 York street, 133 Zeregas neck, 223 INDIAN NOTES INDIAN NOTES MUSEUM OF …